1 RM & 5 RM bench press & squat strength PHA-848125 supplier increased, with no significant difference between Bortezomib mouse groups No significant differences in total body mass or lean body mass between groups. Hulmi et al., [18] 31 untrained young men 15 g whey isolate or placebo consumed immediately before and after exercise No MRI, muscle biopsy Progressive, periodized total body resistance training consisting of exercises for all major muscle groups trained performed 2 days/wk for 21 wks Strength increased similarly in the protein & placebo group, but only the protein group

increased isometric leg extension strength vs the control group Significant increase in CSA of the vastus lateralis but not of the other quadriceps muscles in the protein group vs placebo Josse et al., [45] 20 untrained young women 18 g protein within milk or an isocaloric maltodextrin placebo immediately after exercise and again 1 hr later No DXA Progressive, periodized resistance training consisting of exercises for all major muscle groups performed 5 days/wk for 12 wks 1 RM strength increased similarly in both groups, but milk significantly outperformed placebo in the bench press Lean mass increased in both groups but to a significantly greater degree in the milk group, fat mass decreased in the milk group only Walker et al., [46] 30 moderately this website trained men and women 19.7 g of whey protein and 6.2 g leucine

or isocaloric Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II CHO placebo 30–45 minutes before exercising and the second packet 30–45 minutes after exercising. No DXA Bodyweight-based exercises and running at least 3 days/wk, externally loaded training not specified

1 RM bench press strength increased significantly in the protein group only Total mass, fat-free mass, and lean body mass increased significantly in the protein group only Vieillevoye et al., [47] 29 untrained young men 15 g EAA + 15 g saccharose. or 30 g saccharose consumed with breakfast and immediately after exercise No Ultrasonography, 3-site skinfold assessment with calipers, 3-site circumference measurements Progressive, periodized resistance training consisting of exercises for all major muscle groups performed 2 days/wk for 12 wks Maximal strength significantly increased in both groups, with no between-group diffrerence Muscle mass significantly increased in both groups with no differences between groups, muscle thickness of the gastrocnemius medialis significantly increased in the EAA group only Wycherly et al., [22] 34 untrained, older men & women w/type 2 diabetes 21 g protein, 0.7 g fat, 29.6 g carbohydrate consumed either immediately prior to, or at least 2 h following exercise Yes DXA, waist circumference Progressive resistance training consisting of exercises for all major muscle groups performed 3 days/wk for 16 wks Not measured Fat mass, fat-free mass, and waist circumference decreased with no significant differences between groups Erskine et al.