In this investigation we found a novel gene, BCHE, which was down-regulated years before the onset of cirrhosis. BCHE is the dominant enzyme that metabolizes cocaine, accounting for 95% of its metabolism.18-22 Although the natural function of this enzyme remains unclear, it has

been proposed as a treatment for cocaine overdose and addiction in humans.23 This finding was possible because of the use of LCM to differentiate tissue compartments, and was twice-validated in a cohort of HCV-infected persons at different stages of liver disease. If more broadly confirmed, the finding might shed light on the pathogenesis of HCV-related fibrosis in IDUs, the largest HCV risk group, and may represent a diagnostically useful disease

marker. The BCHE gene product is an abundant PLX4032 ic50 circulating enzyme that has been implicated in liver disease.24 In an animal model of cocaine intoxication, BCHE-/- knockout mice developed significant hepatic necrosis compared with wildtype mice,25 a finding that is consistent with our detection of lower BCHE expression in human HCV-infected liver tissue taken from IDUs. BCHE is highly polymorphic in its expression, and variants of BCHE have been historically associated with prolonged recovery from anesthetic agents such as succinyl choline.26 The ALIVE cohort members all have exposure to cocaine and/or heroin, which LDE225 ic50 is the major transmission route of HCV in industrialized countries. Because BCHE is important in the metabolism of cocaine and heroin, its progressive loss with hepatic fibrosis may potentiate the progression of liver disease. Other studies have examined transcriptional

patterns in whole liver from persons with chronic HCV infection. Using expression microarrays, Smith et al.27 found that liver tissue from persons with chronic HCV and progressive fibrosis had up-regulated expression of markers of myofibroblasts and myofibroblasts-like cells compared with HCV-infected persons without liver disease. Similarly, Takahara et al.28 found that fibrotic liver tissue had higher levels of genes related to inflammation and extracellular matrix compared with normal liver in a cohort of chronically infected persons. A major Metformin manufacturer difference between the present study and earlier ones is the use of LCM to directly compare hepatocytes, rather than pooled hepatic tissue from heterogeneous cellular inputs. This distinction is important because with advancing fibrosis the cellular components of the liver change: inflammatory cells infiltrate the liver, whereas hepatocytes are decreased in number. Indeed, in the present study differences in BCHE expression would not have been detected if high fibrosis transcriptomes were compared in bulk to low fibrosis transcriptomes.