5%), while 39.5% had continued microalbuminuria and 14.0% demonstrated progression to proteinuria (Fig. 1). Subjects with baseline microalbuminuria

who had subsequent urine examinations that continued to reveal abnormalities (microalbuminuria or proteinuria) were slightly older (P=0.003) http://www.selleckchem.com/products/ipilimumab.html and had slightly lower GFR (P=0.005) than those who had no urine abnormality on follow-up examination (Table 3b). In a multivariable model, older age and lower GFR were both associated with an increased risk of persistent abnormal urine examinations on follow-up [age odds ratio (OR) 1.66 per 10-year increase, P=0.03; GFR OR 1.14 per 10 mL/min decrease, P=0.06]. Subjects without baseline proteinuria (i.e. those without abnormal selleck urine protein excretion or those with microalbuminuria) who developed proteinuria were more likely to have microalbuminuria (P=0.001),

a lower CD4 lymphocyte count (P=0.06), and a higher plasma HIV RNA level (P=0.03) than those who did not develop proteinuria (Table 3c). In multivariate analysis among subjects without proteinuria at baseline, only microalbuminuria was significantly associated with the development of proteinuria on follow-up (OR 2.9; 95% CI 1.5, 5.5; P=0.001). While both decreasing CD4 lymphocyte count and increasing plasma HIV RNA level were associated with an increasing risk for the development

of proteinuria in univariate analyses (P=0.06 and 0.04, respectively), these variables did not maintain conventional levels of statistical significance when controlled for microalbuminuria. Because the clinical diagnosis of microalbuminuria was recently defined as requiring two consecutive measurements of elevated values, the above analyses were repeated using the subset of subjects in the cohort who had at least three urine examinations and in whom the first two provided agreement as to the degree of protein excretion. The proportion of subjects who maintained their level of urine protein excretion or progressed or regressed to other levels of protein excretion was similar to that in the cohort overall (data not shown). The ability of two consecutive values of microalbuminuria to predict overt proteinuria increased (-)-p-Bromotetramisole Oxalate substantially (OR 21.7; 95% CI 10.8, 43.8; P<0.001). This prospective cohort study demonstrates that a significant proportion of individuals infected with HIV have microalbuminuria or proteinuria and that the presence of subtle abnormalities such as microalbuminuria portends an increased risk of potentially more clinically relevant abnormalities such as proteinuria. Over time, the development of either microalbuminuria or proteinuria appeared to be associated with a lower CD4 cell count or a higher HIV RNA level.