Data within condition were analyzed with Dasatinib chemical structure simple ANOVAs with one factor for Outcome. Preliminary analyses ensured

that Gender, Order of presentation of outcomes (starting with a trial where the box was expected empty vs. was expected to contain one puppet), and trial Pair did not interact with Outcome in each experiment (ps > .05). Experiment 1 tested whether subset-knowers could use one-to-one correspondence cues to reconstruct the exact number of objects in sets of 5 or 6 identical puppets, placed on a tree with 6 branches. In this basic situation, puppets were placed in an opaque box, and then returned to the tree after a short delay. After placing 5 puppets on the tree, children’s searching time for a 6th puppet was compared across trials with sets of 5 and 6 puppets: if children could

selleck compound distinguish between these sets, they should search longer when the set consisted of 6 puppets. All children were also tested on their ability to discriminate sets of 5 vs. 6 puppets in a second condition, where the branches of the tree did not provide additional information. This test was the same as the main experiment, except that the puppets were placed on a tree with 11 rather than 6 branches: thus, the number of empty branches when the puppets were placed on the tree was also 5 or 6. If the children were using the branches to reconstruct the exact number of puppets in the main experiment, their performance should drop in this second condition. The final sample of children consisted of 12 subset-knowers (8 female, mean age 34.14 months, 32:06–35:18). Following the training procedure (see general methods), each child was given four Oxalosuccinic acid experimental trials: two trials with a 6-branch

tree, followed by two trials with an 11-branch tree. Trials started with 5 or 6 identical puppets placed on the tree. After the puppets were placed in the box, the box was shaken lightly while the experimenter told a brief story about the puppets sleeping. Half the children were tested with 5 puppets first, and half with 6 puppets first. Trials with 5 and 6 puppets were given in reverse order in the two parts of the experiment: for example, if a child received a trial with 5 puppets followed by a trial with 6 puppets in the 6-branch condition, he/she was first tested in the 11-branch condition with 6 puppets, then with 5 puppets. Fig. 2 presents the findings from this experiment. When the tree had six branches, the children were able to make an exact discrimination between sets of 5 and 6 puppets: they spent more time searching for a 6th puppet when the set really contained 6 puppets than when it contained 5 puppets, F  (1, 11) = 5.0, p   = .047, ηp2=.31. In contrast, when the branches were too numerous to support tracking of the set, searching was not significantly different for trials starting with 5 or 6 puppets, 2, 3F  (1, 10) = 3.4, p   = .095, ηp2=.25.