BYDV-PAV, a prevalent wheat virus, was noted by Chay et al. (1996), whereas BWYV has not been documented as a wheat pathogen. A plant virus, BWYV, belonging to the Polerovirus genus and aphid-transmitted, displays a vast host range with over 150 species across 23 dicotyledonous families, for example, Beta vulgaris, Spinacia oleracea, Lactuca sativa, and Brassica oleracea var. Duffus (1964, 1973), Russell (1965), and Beuve et al. (2008) provide evidence supporting the significance of italica. Zheng et al. (2018) reported that Crocus sativus, a monocotyledonous plant from the Iridaceae family, was infected by BWYV. In our records, this is the first documented report of BWYV affecting wheat or any other gramineae plant. Based on the research results, a possible risk to cereal crops in the field has been observed to be linked with BWYV.

The plant Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, a significant medicinal crop, is cultivated across the world. Stevioside, the non-caloric sweetener derived from stevia leaves, is used as a replacement for artificial sweeteners. In August 2022, symptoms of chlorosis, wilting, and root rot were observed in about 30 % of stevia plants growing at the Agricultural Station at Yuma Agricultural Center, Yuma, AZ, USA (327125 N, 1147067 W). Infected plants began with symptoms of chlorosis and wilting, and eventually, they died while keeping their leaves attached. When examining cross-sections of the crown tissue from afflicted stevia plants, a pattern of necrotic tissue and dark brown discoloration was seen in the vascular and cortical regions. Dark brown microsclerotia were situated on the stem bases and the necrotic roots of the infected plant specimens. Five plants showing symptoms were sampled to isolate the pathogen, aiming to identify the causative agent. Surface disinfection of root and crown tissues, measuring from 0.5 to 1 centimeter, was carried out using a 1% sodium hypochlorite solution for 2 minutes. Subsequently, the tissues were rinsed three times with sterile water and then cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA). PDA plates, incubated at 28°C under a 12-hour photoperiod, exhibited rapid mycelial growth for all five isolates. Seven days after their initial hyaline state, the mycelia darkened, shifting from gray to black. Dark, spherical to oblong microsclerotia, averaging 75 micrometers in width and 114 micrometers in length, were found in abundance after 3 days on PDA media (n=30). Employing the DNeasy Plant Pro kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany), genomic DNA was isolated from both the mycelial and microsclerotial tissues of the Yuma isolate for molecular identification. The respective amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), translation elongation factor-1 (TEF-1), calmodulin (CAL), and -tubulin (-TUB) regions was carried out with the following primer sets: ITS1/ITS4 (White et al., 1990), EF1-728F/EF1-986R (Carbone and Kohn, 1999), MpCalF/MpCalR (Santos et al., 2020), and T1/T22 (O'Donnell and Cigelink, 1997). Sequence alignment via BLAST showed the sequences shared 987% to 100% identity with Macrophomina phaseolina sequences (MK757624, KT261797, MK447823, MK447918). Confirmation of the fungus as M. phaseolina (Holliday and Punithaligam 1970) rested on the concordance of its morphological and molecular characteristics. Among the submitted sequences, those associated with GenBank accession numbers OP599770 (ITS), OP690156 (TEF-1), OP612814 (CAL), and OP690157 (-TUB) were included. The pathogenicity assay was applied to 9-week-old stevia plants (varieties unspecified). SW2267 were cultivated, thriving in the greenhouse's 4-inch planters. A 14-day-old M. phaseolina culture, nurtured in 250 ml conical flasks of potato dextrose broth at 28 degrees Celsius, provided the inoculum. A 250 ml solution of sterile distilled water was used to blend the mycelial mats of the fungus, which were then filtered through four layers of cheesecloth and calibrated to contain 105 microsclerotia per milliliter via hemocytometer. The twenty healthy plants underwent inoculation with 50 ml of inoculum per pot through soil drenching. infections respiratoires basses Five non-inoculated control plants underwent a soil drenching treatment using sterile distilled water. radiation biology The greenhouse environment, featuring a 12-hour photoperiod and 28.3°C temperature, supported the plants. After six weeks, necrosis at the base of the petioles, chlorosis of the leaves, and then wilting emerged in all twenty of the inoculated plants, while the control group of five remained unaffected and healthy. The reisolated fungus, confirmed as M. phaseolina, displayed characteristic morphology, and its ITS, TEF-1, CAL, and TUB gene sequences were subsequently identified. PEG400 Although earlier reports indicate the occurrence of M. phaseolina on stevia in North Carolina, USA (Koehler and Shew 2018), the current observation signifies its initial detection in Arizona, USA. High soil temperatures, as favored by M. phaseolina (Zveibil et al., 2011), pose a potential threat to stevia production in Arizona, USA, in the years ahead.

According to Li et al. (2013), tomato mottled mosaic virus (ToMMV) was first found to infect tomato plants within the geographical boundaries of Mexico. A member of the Virgaviridae family, and more specifically the genus Tobamovirus, it is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. The genetic blueprint of the virus, comprised of around 6400 nucleotides, encodes four proteins including the 126 K protein, the 183 K protein, the movement protein (MP), and the coat protein (CP); Tu et al. (2021) offer further details. The primary concern regarding solanaceous crops is the presence of ToMMV. A tell-tale sign of virus infection in tomato plants is stunted growth and top necrosis, coupled with mottled, shrunken, necrotic leaves. Li et al. (2017) and Tu et al. (2021) note that this invariably translates to a significant reduction in both tomato fruit yield and quality. In traditional Chinese medicine, the fruit, seeds, peel, and root of the Chinese snake gourd (Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim), a perennial climbing herb of the Cucurbitaceae family, are all utilized. Twenty-seven symptom-free seedlings, cultivated from tissue culture plantlets, were gathered at random from a nursery in Fengyang, Anhui Province, during May 2021. To investigate the RNA content of each sample, total RNA was extracted, and RT-PCR was performed, utilizing the tobamovirus primers Tob-Uni1 (5'-ATTTAAGTGGASGGAAAAVCACT-3') and Tob-Uni2 (5'-GTYGTTGATGAGTTCRTGGA-3'), as outlined by Letschert et al. (2002). Sequencing was performed on amplicons of the anticipated size, isolated from 6 of the 27 samples. Analysis of aligned nucleotide sequences across all ToMMV isolates in the NCBI GenBank repository showed a range of nucleotide sequence identities from 98.7% to 100%. The ToMMV coat protein (CP) gene was amplified using specific primers CP-F (5'-ATGTCTTACGCTATTACTTCTCCG-3') and CP-R (5'-TTAGGACGCTGGCGCAGAAG-3'). The CP fragment was collected and its sequence was determined. Alignment of sequences demonstrated a specific CP sequence for isolate FY, identified by its GenBank accession number. The genetic makeup of ON924176 was identical in every aspect to the ToMMV isolate LN, accession number MN8535921. The anti-ToMMV polyclonal antibody (PAb) was generated by the author (S.L.) through the immunization of a rabbit with purified virus from Nicotiana benthamiana, further demonstrating positive outcomes in serological tests (dot-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, Dot-ELISA) conducted on RNA-positive T. kirilowii leaf samples with the same anti-ToMMV PAb. Following Koch's postulates, a pure culture of ToMMV was obtained from N. benthamiana via an infectious cDNA clone (Tu et al., 2021). Subsequently, this prepared inoculum from the infected N. benthamiana was used to mechanically inoculate healthy T. kirilowii plants, mirroring the process detailed by Sui et al. (2017). At 10 and 20 days post-inoculation, T. kirilowii seedlings exhibited chlorosis and leaf tip necrosis, respectively, and RT-PCR analysis using CP-F and CP-R primers confirmed ToMMV infection in the symptomatic plants. The study's results highlight ToMMV's ability to infect T. kirilowii under natural conditions, a factor that could jeopardize the production of this medicinal herb. Despite the healthy appearance of the nursery seedlings, chlorosis and necrosis developed in the plants following indoor exposure. Greenhouse-inoculated plant samples demonstrated a 256-fold higher viral accumulation compared to field-collected samples, according to qRT-PCR analysis. This notable difference is a plausible explanation for the distinct symptom expressions observed in the two groups of samples. Solanaceous (tomato, pepper, and eggplant) and leguminous (pea) crops in the field have been found to exhibit ToMMV, as documented in research from Li et al. (2014), Ambros et al. (2017), and Zhang et al. (2022). In our assessment, this marks the initial report of a naturally occurring ToMMV infection in the T. kirilowii species, and its natural presence amongst Cucurbitaceae plants.

The global cultivation of safflower is economically and socially crucial. Production of oil is planned, derived from the seeds. In 2021, Mexico's global agricultural production, according to the SIAP (2021) report, was approximately 52,553.28 tons, placing it fifth in the world. April 2022 saw the emergence of a disease affecting safflower plants in the fields of the north-central Sinaloa region, Mexico. Necrosis and rot in the vascular bundles, together with chlorosis, stunted growth, and downward-curving plants, were evident symptoms. The disease, affecting the surveyed safflower fields, caused an estimated 15% reduction in seed production, compared to the yield of the previous year. To isolate the pathogen, twenty-five symptomatic plants were collected for sampling. Near the base of their stems, plants' roots were cut, and those root sections were then precisely chopped into 5 mm square pieces. Initially, tissue samples underwent superficial disinfection by being submerged in 70% alcohol for a duration of 10 seconds, then immersed in 2% sodium hypochlorite for one minute. The samples were then washed in sterilized water, and positioned on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates at 28 degrees Celsius under complete darkness, allowing them to incubate for seven days. A morphological analysis was undertaken on twelve monosporic isolates, each stemming from a PDA culture.