To analyse the suppressive potential of induced human CD8+ Foxp3+ T

cells, we sorted CD8+ CD25high T cells after stimulation check details in the presence of TGF-β/RA and co-cultured them with naive CFSE-labelled human CD4+ responder T cells. At day 6 after stimulation, proliferation of responder cells was measured by the loss of CFSE dye. As shown in Fig. 2(c), TGF-β/RA-treated CD8+ CD25high T cells markedly suppressed the proliferation of CD4+ responder T cells, which demonstrated the regulatory activity of human CD8+ Foxp3+ T cells in vitro. A prerequisite for the use of regulatory T cells in a therapeutic setting is the detailed molecular and functional characterization of these cells. To gain further insight into the biology of these CD8+ Foxp3+ T cells and to overcome the technical limitations of human cells (e.g. the lack of regulatory T-cell-specific surface molecules that can distinguish Foxp3− cells from Foxp3+ T cells), we used Foxp3/GFP transgenic reporter mice, in which

GFP expression accurately identifies the Foxp3+ T-cell population. Polyclonal CD8+ Foxp3−/GFP− T cells from Foxp3/GFP mice were stimulated with α-CD3 alone or a mixture of α-CD3, TGF-β and RA. Again, only the combination of T-cell receptor stimulus plus TGF-β/RA induced a substantial conversion of CD8+ Foxp3−/GFP− cells into CD8+ Foxp3+/GFP+ T cells (Fig. 3). To define the molecular phenotype of the in vitro-induced CD8+ Foxp3+ T cells, we analysed the characteristics of these cells by using Agilent gene expression chips. CD8+ Foxp3−/GFP− and CD8+ Foxp3+/GFP+ T cells were FACS-sorted (Fig. 4a), and gene expression MAPK Inhibitor Library screening analyses were performed. A heat map generated from DNA microarray data showed that CD8+ Foxp3−/GFP− and CD8+ Foxp3+/GFP+ T cells cultured under the same polarizing

conditions clearly exhibit distinct and specific expression profiles (Fig. 4b). To analyse whether TGF-β/RA-induced CD8+ Foxp3+ T cells share common molecular features with naturally occurring CD8+ and CD4+ regulatory T cells, we evaluated gene expression data for marker molecules specific to Methamphetamine regulatory T cells. Interestingly, CD8+ Foxp3+/GFP+ T cells expressed a variety of genes that are known to be specific for regulatory T cells, e.g. Gpr83, CD25 and CTLA-419,20 (Fig. 4c) suggesting a regulatory phenotype of the CD8+ Foxp3+ T cells. When naive T cells are activated under the influence of RA, they acquire a gut-homing phenotype with high expression levels of CD103, α4β7 and CCR9.21 Evaluating the expression of these homing molecules on TGF-β/RA-treated CD8+ T cells revealed strong expression of CD103 and CCR9 but no difference in the expression level between CD8+ Foxp3−/GFP− and CD8+ Foxp3+/GFP+ T cells (Fig. 4d) demonstrating that the differential expression of Foxp3 is independent of the expression of homing molecules. To validate array-based mRNA expression levels, we confirmed the regulatory phenotype by FACS-staining.